{"id":14173,"date":"2020-02-26T19:10:00","date_gmt":"2020-02-26T19:10:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nccdh-dev.media-doc.ca\/climate-change-and-health-equity-2\/"},"modified":"2025-10-01T18:12:35","modified_gmt":"2025-10-01T18:12:35","slug":"climate-change-and-health-equity-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nccdh-dev.media-doc.ca\/fr\/climate-change-and-health-equity-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Climate change and health equity"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>This is the first blog in a series that explores the connections between climate change, health equity&nbsp;and public health. <a href=\"http:\/\/nccdh-dev.media-doc.ca\/fr\/blog\/entry\/centring-equity-in-emerging-public-health-responses-to-climate-change\" target=\"_self\">Click here to read the second blog in this series<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>We look forward to your responses. Feedback, comments or stories from the field can be sent to author Pemma Muzumdar, NCCDH Knowledge Translation Specialist, at <a href=\"mailto:pmuzumd@stfx.ca\">pmuzumd@stfx.ca<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>&nbsp;<\/h2>\n<h2>What is climate change?<\/h2>\n<p>Climate change refers to a long-term change in weather conditions that is already under way.[<a href=\"#Reference 1\">1<\/a>,<a href=\"#Reference 2\">2<\/a>] The main causes of climate change include humans burning fossil fuels to power their everyday lives; destroying forests; and releasing methane into the atmosphere through animal agriculture, food waste and the extraction and use of natural gas.[<a href=\"#\">1<\/a>,<a href=\"#Reference 2\">2<\/a>,<a href=\"#Reference 3\">3<\/a>,<a href=\"#Reference 4\">4<\/a>,<a href=\"#Reference 5\">5<\/a>] As a result, unsustainable amounts of carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping gasses have accumulated in the earth&rsquo;s atmosphere. This has caused polar ice caps to melt; sea levels to rise; precipitation patterns to change; and the number of extreme weather events such as heat waves, hurricanes, floods and forest fires to increase.<\/p>\n<p>With further emissions and warming, the situation is predicted to worsen. Global temperatures have increased by approximately 1&deg;C since preindustrial times.[<a href=\"#Reference 4\">4<\/a>] Comparing average temperatures in 2016 to 1948 reveals that Canada&rsquo;s average temperature has increased by 1.7 &deg;C. [<a href=\"#Reference 6\">6<\/a>] What&rsquo;s more, Northern Canada is warming three times faster than the rest of the world, [<a href=\"#Reference 1\">1<\/a>,<a href=\"#Reference 6\">6<\/a>,<a href=\"#Reference 7\">7<\/a>] which compounds the climate change impacts on northern Indigenous communities.<\/p>\n<table align=\"center\" border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"15\" cellspacing=\"1\" style=\"width:300px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<h3>Related resources<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div>For a more comprehensive look at how Canada&rsquo;s climate has changed, visit the website for <a href=\"https:\/\/changingclimate.ca\/CCCR2019\/\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Canada&rsquo;s changing climate report<\/em><\/a>. [<a href=\"#Reference 6\">6<\/a>] The <a href=\"https:\/\/changingclimate.ca\/CCCR2019\/faq\/\" target=\"_blank\">Frequently Asked Questions section of this report<\/a> is a great place to start. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>For an infographic (shown at right) that compares the scenarios of limiting warming to 1.5&deg;C as compared to 2&deg;C, visit the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wri.org\/blog\/2018\/10\/half-degree-and-world-apart-difference-climate-impacts-between-15-c-and-2-c-warming\" target=\"_blank\">World Resources Institute<\/a>. [<a href=\"#Reference 8\">8<\/a>]<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>For a summary of key findings from the 2018 Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change report, read the <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/site\/assets\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2019\/05\/SR15_SPM_version_report_LR.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Summary for policymakers<\/a><\/em>. [<a href=\"#Reference 9\">9<\/a>]<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div><em>Image: World Reso<\/em><em>urces Institute infographic <\/em>[<a href=\"#Reference 10\">10<\/a>] <em>showing climate impacts at 1.5&deg;C and 2&deg;C average global temperature change<\/em><\/div>\n<p>\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/nccdh-dev.media-doc.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Climate-1-1-World-Resources-Institute-global-temperature.webp\" style=\"border:1px solid;float:left;height:337px;margin:10px;padding:1px;width:120px\" \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>\nClimate change is a public health issue<\/h2>\n<p>Climate change is a public health issue because it threatens what we need to survive at a very basic level, including the air we breathe, the food we eat and the structures under which we find shelter. [<a href=\"#Reference 11\">11<\/a>] A World Health Organization (WHO) assessment estimated that between 2030 and 2050, a changing climate would cause an additional 250,000 deaths per year due to heat stress, diarrhea, malaria and malnutrition. [<a href=\"#Reference 12\">12<\/a>]<\/p>\n<p>In Canada, air pollution, a major climate-related health impact, is linked to an estimated 14,600 premature deaths per year. [<a href=\"#Reference 13\">13<\/a>] In a 2019 report, the Council of Canadian Academies listed health and human wellness as one of the six areas of climate risk due to the &ldquo;adverse impacts on physical and mental health due to hazards accompanying extreme weather events, heatwaves, lower ambient air quality, and increasing ranges of vector-borne pathogens.&rdquo; [<a href=\"#Reference 14\">14<\/a>(p&#8568;)]<\/p>\n<table align=\"center\" border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"15\" cellspacing=\"1\" style=\"width:300px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<h3>Related resources<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div>The health impacts of climate change in Canada are summarized visually in the <a href=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/lancet-countdown\/2019\/11\/Lancet-Countdown_Policy-brief-for-Canada_FINAL.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">2019 <em>Policy brief for Canada<\/em><\/a> [<a href=\"#Reference 15\">15<\/a>] from the Lancet Countdown on Health and Climate Change, the Canadian Medical Association&nbsp;and the Canadian Public Health Association.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>The American Public Health Association and Climate Nexus produced a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.apha.org\/news-and-media\/multimedia\/infographics\/how-climate-change-affects-your-health\" target=\"_blank\">series of infographics to explain how climate change affects health<\/a>, [<a href=\"#Reference 16\">16<\/a>]&nbsp;focusing on pathways related to air quality, rising temperatures, vector-borne diseases and extreme weather.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.apha.org\/news-and-media\/multimedia\/infographics\/how-climate-change-affects-your-health\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/nccdh-dev.media-doc.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Climate-1-2-APHA-health-impacts-climate-change.webp\" style=\"height:144px;margin-left:10px;margin-right:10px;width:200px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><em>Image: A series of infographics from the American Public Health Association and Climate Nexus describe the health impacts of climate change.<\/em> [<a href=\"#Reference 17\">17<\/a>]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/nursesunions.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/CFNU_climatechange-web.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">2019 report<\/a>&nbsp;[<a href=\"#Reference 18\">18<\/a>] published by the Canadian Federation of Nurses Unions serves as a call to action for the nursing profession. The document outlines several examples of how climate change is affecting the health of Canadian communities. Statements related to climate change and health have also been released by several health-related associations, including the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cpha.ca\/climate-change-and-human-health\" target=\"_blank\">Canadian Public Health Association<\/a>, [<a href=\"#Reference 1\">1<\/a>] the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cma.ca\/climate-change-and-health\" target=\"_blank\">Canadian Medical Association<\/a>, [<a href=\"#Reference 19\">19<\/a>] the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.canadian-nurse.com\/-\/media\/cna\/page-content\/pdf-en\/climate-change-and-health-position-statement.pdf?la=en&amp;hash=5E757EEDA69508F4EEBF797902D6F843E4407EA4\" target=\"_blank\">Canadian Nurses Association<\/a>&nbsp;[<a href=\"#Reference 20\">20<\/a>] and the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/cape.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Call-to-Action-ENGLISH-Dec-2019.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Canadian Association of Physicians for the Environment<\/a>. [<a href=\"#Reference 21\">21<\/a>]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>\nClimate change and health equity: Multiple intersections<\/h2>\n<p>The risks and impacts of climate change affect everyone; however, not everyone is affected equally. Summarized below, the relationship between climate change and health equity is complex and multifaceted.<\/p>\n<h2>Climate change as a structural driver of inequity<\/h2>\n<p>Climate change and the effect it has on the natural environment is, in fact, structural; it shapes systems, the daily conditions of life and, ultimately, opportunities for health and a dignified life.<\/p>\n<p>This is how climate change is depicted in a 2019 Pan American Health Organization <a href=\"http:\/\/iris.paho.org\/xmlui\/handle\/123456789\/51571\" target=\"_blank\">conceptual framework<\/a>. [<a href=\"#Reference 22\">22<\/a>] Here, climate change is considered alongside other structural determinants of health inequities such as racism and colonization, as well as social, political and economic systems.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/iris.paho.org\/handle\/10665.2\/51571\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/nccdh-dev.media-doc.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Climate-1-3-PAHO-conceptual-framework_EN.webp\" style=\"height:315px;width:400px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><em>Image: The Pan American Health Organization conceptual framework names climate change as one of the structural drivers of inequity. <\/em>[<a href=\"#Reference 23\">23<\/a>]<\/p>\n<h2>Unequal vulnerability<\/h2>\n<p>Those who already experience structural inequities such as colonization, racism and low income are often most vulnerable to climate change risks and impacts. [<a href=\"#Reference 5\">5<\/a>,<a href=\"#Reference 24\">24<\/a>,<a href=\"#Reference 25\">25<\/a>]<\/p>\n<p>This concept is explored in a graphic published in a 2019 US policy brief. Here, unequal vulnerability in a heat wave is depicted as depending on multiple factors. These factors include what makes a person particularly susceptible to negative health outcomes (e.g., being a child with asthma), what a person is exposed to (e.g., living near sources of air pollution, and air pollution being worsened by heat), as well as what influences the ability to adapt to these circumstances (e.g., access to health care, income, and family support). [<a href=\"#Reference 26\">26<\/a>,<a href=\"#Reference 27\">27<\/a>]&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/static1.squarespace.com\/static\/5bdc9ff550a54fd70b355029\/t\/5dcca0db51433179dccc3bf8\/1573691618304\/Lancet+Countdown+Policy+Brief+for+the+US+2019?fbclid=IwAR1EVuX-atFHCB_CY_MNxXLXMXdrBADR6hyPj2aHFqfFCTcUz0_9sGhQHfo\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/nccdh-dev.media-doc.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Climate-1-4-Lancet-heat-wave-vulnerability.webp\" style=\"border-style:solid;border-width:1px;height:422px;width:343px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Image: <em>Unequal health vulnerability in a heat wave<\/em> [<a href=\"#Reference 28\">28<\/a>]<\/p>\n<h2>Compounding existing inequity<\/h2>\n<p>The harsh impacts of a changing climate have the potential to worsen existing health inequities within countries. [<a href=\"#Reference 24\">24<\/a>,<a href=\"#Reference 29\">29<\/a>] Consider, for example, a low-income family without adequate insurance trying to recover after being displaced following a forest fire. Or think of an Inuit family increasingly unable to travel safely on melting ice to access traditional food sources.<\/p>\n<h2>Climate justice, climate debt<\/h2>\n<p>The concepts of climate justice and climate debt are also relevant to discussions about health equity and climate change.<\/p>\n<p>Climate justice applies human rights and social justice perspectives [<a href=\"#Reference 29\">29<\/a>] in recognition that those who are most affected by climate change (e.g., Indigenous peoples, people living in the Global South) are also least responsible for causing it. [<a href=\"#Reference 29\">29<\/a>]<\/p>\n<p>Moreover, the climate justice movement asserts that richer countries from the Global North have disproportionately emitted greenhouse gases and should therefore pay a climate debt. This means financing the cost for developing countries to adapt to global warming while also acting to prevent further climate change. [<a href=\"#Reference 30\">30<\/a>,<a href=\"#Reference 31\">31<\/a>]&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table align=\"center\" border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"15\" cellspacing=\"1\" style=\"width:300px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<h3>Related resources<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>In 2020, the NCCDH published a <a href=\"http:\/\/nccdh-dev.media-doc.ca\/resources\/entry\/climate-change-health-equity-and-public-health-responses-a-curated-list\">curated reading list on this topic<\/a>. [<a href=\"#Reference 32\">32<\/a>] Selected resources are introduced and organized under three categories: (1) Climate change and public health, (2) Climate change and health equity and (3) Opportunities for equity-focused public health action.<\/li>\n<li>For further background on this topic, visit our YouTube channel and watch the past webinar <a href=\"http:\/\/nccdh-dev.media-doc.ca\/workshops-events\/entry\/webinar-climate-change-public-health-and-equity\" target=\"_blank\">Climate change, public health&nbsp;and health equity<\/a> [<a href=\"#Reference 33\">33<\/a>] (recorded in February 2019).<\/li>\n<li>Coming soon! Read the next blog in this series: Centring equity in emerging public health responses to climate change. [<a href=\"#Reference 34\">34<\/a>]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Photo credit: <a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/FtZL0r4DZYk\" target=\"_blank\">MI PHAM<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>References<\/h2>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 1\" name=\"Reference 1\">1<\/a>] Canadian Public Health Association. Climate change and&nbsp;human health&nbsp;[Internet]. Ottawa (ON): CPHA; 2019&nbsp;[cited 2020 Jan 12]. 12 p. Available from:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cpha.ca\/climate-change-and-human-health\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cpha.ca\/climate-change-and-human-health<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[<a name=\"Reference 2\">2<\/a>] McGushin A. Climate change toolkit for health professionals: module 1 climate change &ndash; science drivers and communities [Internet]. Toronto (ON): Canadian Association of Physicians for the Environment; 2019 [cited 2020 Jan 21]. 15 p. Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/cape.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/Module-1-FINAL-TO-UPLOAD-SOLO-April-5-2019.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/cape.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/Module-1-FINAL-TO-UPLOAD-SOLO-April-5-2019.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 3\" name=\"Reference 3\">3<\/a>] Government of Canada. Causes of climate change [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Gov of Canada; 2019 [cited 2020 Jan 21]; [about 6 screens]. Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/environment-climate-change\/services\/climate-change\/causes.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/environment-climate-change\/services\/climate-change\/causes.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 4\" name=\"Reference 4\">4<\/a>] Climate change Atlas of Canada. Climate change: the basics [Internet]. Winnipeg (MB); 2019 [cited 2020 Jan 21]; [about 11 screens]. Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/climateatlas.ca\/climate-change-basics\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/climateatlas.ca\/climate-change-basics<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 5\" name=\"Reference 5\">5<\/a>] Rudolph L, Harrison C, Buckley L, North S. Climate change, health, and equity: a guide for local health departments [Internet]. Oakland (CA), Washington (DC): Public Health Institute and American Public Health Association; 2018 [cited 2020 Jan 12]. 370p. Available from: <a href=\"http:\/\/nccdh-dev.media-doc.ca\/resources\/entry\/climate-change-health-and-equity-a-guide-for-local-health-departments\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/nccdh-dev.media-doc.ca\/resources\/entry\/climate-change-health-and-equity-a-guide-for-local-health-departments<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 6\" name=\"Reference 6\">6<\/a>] Bush E, Lemmen DS, editors. Canada&rsquo;s changing climate report: advancing our knowledge for action [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Government of Canada; 2019 [cited 2020 Jan 14]. 442 p. Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/changingclimate.ca\/CCCR2019\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/changingclimate.ca\/CCCR2019\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 7\" name=\"Reference 7\">7<\/a>] Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami. National Inuit Climate Change Strategy [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami; 2019 [cited 2020 Jan 14]. Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.itk.ca\/national-inuit-climate-change-strategy\/resources\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.itk.ca\/national-inuit-climate-change-strategy\/resources\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 8\" name=\"Reference 8\">8<\/a>] Levin K. Half a degree and a world apart: the difference in climate impacts between 1.5&#730;c and 2&#730;c of warming [Internet]. Washington (DC): World Resources Institute; 2018 [cited 2020 Jan 21]; [about 12 screens]. Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wri.org\/blog\/2018\/10\/half-degree-and-world-apart-difference-climate-impacts-between-15-c-and-2-c-warming\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.wri.org\/blog\/2018\/10\/half-degree-and-world-apart-difference-climate-impacts-between-15-c-and-2-c-warming<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 9\" name=\"Reference 9\">9<\/a>] Allen M, Babiker M, Chen Y, et al. Summary for policymakers [Internet]. In: Special report: global Warming of 1.5&deg;C. Masson-Delmotte V, Zhai P, P&ouml;rtner HO, et al, editors. 2018, in press [cited 2020 Jan 21]. 24 p. Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/site\/assets\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2019\/05\/SR15_SPM_version_report_LR.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/site\/assets\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2019\/05\/SR15_SPM_version_report_LR.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 10\" name=\"Reference 10\">10<\/a>] Levin K. Half a degree and a world apart: the difference in climate impacts between 1.5&#730;c and 2&#730;c of warming [Internet]. Washington (DC): World Resources Institute; 2018. [Figure], Half a degree of warming makes a big difference; [cited 2020 Jan 21]; [about 12 screens]. Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wri.org\/blog\/2018\/10\/half-degree-and-world-apart-difference-climate-impacts-between-15-c-and-2-c-warming\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.wri.org\/blog\/2018\/10\/half-degree-and-world-apart-difference-climate-impacts-between-15-c-and-2-c-warming<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 11\" name=\"Reference 11\">11<\/a>] World Health Organization. COP24 Special report: health and climate change Geneva:WHO; 2018 [cited 2020 Jan 21]. 74 p. Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/globalchange\/publications\/COP24-report-health-climate-change\/en\/\" target=\"_top\">https:\/\/www.who.int\/globalchange\/publications\/COP24-report-health-climate-change\/en\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 12\" name=\"Reference 12\">12<\/a>] World Health Organization. Climate change and health [Internet]. Geneva: WHO; c2020 [cited 2020 Jan 21]; [about 10 screens]. Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/climate-change-and-health\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/climate-change-and-health<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 13\" name=\"Reference 13\">13<\/a>] Health Canada. Health impacts of air pollution in Canada: estimates of morbidity and premature mortality outcomes, 2019 report [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Government of Canada, Health Canada; c2019 [cited 2020 Jan 21]. 36 p. Available from: <a href=\"http:\/\/publications.gc.ca\/site\/eng\/9.874080\/publication.html\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/publications.gc.ca\/site\/eng\/9.874080\/publication.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 14\" name=\"Reference 14\">14<\/a>] Council of Canadian Academies. Canada&rsquo;s top climate change risks: the expert panel on climate change risks and adaption potential [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): CCA; 2019 [cited 2020 Jan 21]. 70 p. Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/cca-reports.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/Report-Canada-top-climate-change-risks.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/cca-reports.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/Report-Canada-top-climate-change-risks.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 15\" name=\"Reference 15\">15<\/a>] Howard C, Buse C, Rose C, MacNeill A, Parkes M. The Lancet countdown on health and climate change: policy brief for Canada [Internet]. Lancet Countdown, CMA, CPHA: 2019 [cited 2020 Jan 12]. 8 p. Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/lancet-countdown\/2019\/11\/Lancet-Countdown_Policy-brief-for-Canada_FINAL.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/lancet-countdown\/2019\/11\/Lancet-Countdown_Policy-brief-for-Canada_FINAL.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 16\" name=\"Reference 16\">16<\/a>] American Public Health Association. How climate change affects your health [Internet]. [location unknown]: APHA; c2020 [date unknown, cited 2020 Jan 21]; [about 6 screens]. Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.apha.org\/news-and-media\/multimedia\/infographics\/how-climate-change-affects-your-health\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.apha.org\/news-and-media\/multimedia\/infographics\/how-climate-change-affects-your-health<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 17\" name=\"Reference 17\">17<\/a>] American Public Health Association. How climate change affects your health [Internet]. [location unknown]: APHA; c2020. [Figure], How climate change affects your health; [cited 2020 Jan 21]; [about 6 screens]. Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.apha.org\/news-and-media\/multimedia\/infographics\/how-climate-change-affects-your-health\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.apha.org\/news-and-media\/multimedia\/infographics\/how-climate-change-affects-your-health<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 18\" name=\"Reference 18\">18<\/a>] Martin W, Vold L. Climate change and health: it&rsquo;s time for nurses to act. A discussion paper [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Canadian Federation of Nurses Unions; 2019 [cited 2020 Jan 12]. Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/nursesunions.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/CFNU_climatechange-web.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/nursesunions.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/CFNU_climatechange-web.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 19\" name=\"Reference 19\">19<\/a>] Canadian Medical Association. Climate change and health [Internet]. : CMA; c2020 [date unknown, cited 2020 Jan 21]. Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cma.ca\/climate-change-and-health\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cma.ca\/climate-change-and-health<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 20\" name=\"Reference 20\">20<\/a>] Canadian Nurses Association. Climate change and health position statement [Internet]. [location unknown]: CNA; 2017 [cited 2020 Jan 12]. Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cna-aiic.ca\/-\/media\/cna\/page-content\/pdf-en\/climate-change-and-health-position-statement.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cna-aiic.ca\/-\/media\/cna\/page-content\/pdf-en\/climate-change-and-health-position-statement.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 21\" name=\"Reference 21\">21<\/a>] Perrotta K, Howard C, Canadian Medical Association, Canadian Nurses Association, Urban Public Health Network, Canadian Public Health Association. Call to action on climate change and health [Internet]. Toronto (ON): Canadian Association of Physicians for the Environment; 2019 [cited 2020 Jan 21]. 5 p. Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/cape.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Call-to-Action-ENGLISH-Dec-2019.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/cape.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Call-to-Action-ENGLISH-Dec-2019.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 22\" name=\"Reference 22\">22<\/a>] Pan American Health Organization. Just societies: health equity and dignified lives. executive summary of the report of the Commission of the Pan American Health Organization on equity and health inequalities in the Americas [Internet]. Washington (DC): PAHO; 2018 [cited 2020 Jan 21]. 285 p. Available from: <a href=\"http:\/\/iris.paho.org\/xmlui\/handle\/123456789\/51571\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/iris.paho.org\/xmlui\/handle\/123456789\/51571<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 23\" name=\"Reference 23\">23<\/a>] Pan American Health Organization. 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Climate justice in lieu of climate change: a sustainable approach to respond to the climate change injustice and an awakening of the environmental movement. Energy Ecol Environ. 2016;1(2):67&ndash;74.<\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 32\" name=\"Reference 32\">32<\/a>] National Collaborating Centre for Determinants of Health. Climate change, health equity and public health responses: a curated list [Internet]. Antigonish (NS): NCCDH, St Francis Xavier University; 2020 [in press]. Available from: <a href=\"http:\/\/nccdh-dev.media-doc.ca\/resources\/entry\/climate-change-health-equity-and-public-health-responses-a-curated-lis\" target=\"_self\">http:\/\/nccdh-dev.media-doc.ca\/resources\/entry\/climate-change-health-equity-and-public-health-responses-a-curated-lis<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 33\" name=\"Reference 33\">33<\/a>] National Collaborating Centre for Determinants of Health. Climate change, public health and equity . Antigonish (NS): NCCDH, St Francis Xavier University; 2019 [cited 2020 Jan 21]. Available from: <a href=\"http:\/\/nccdh-dev.media-doc.ca\/workshops-events\/entry\/webinar-climate-change-public-health-and-equity\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/nccdh-dev.media-doc.ca\/workshops-events\/entry\/webinar-climate-change-public-health-and-equity<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 34\" name=\"Reference 34\">34<\/a>] Muzumdar P. Centring equity in emerging public health responses to climate change [blog on the internet]. Antigonish (NS): National Collaborating Centre for Determinants of Health, St Francis Xavier University; 2020 [cited 2020 Jan 21]. Available from:&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/nccdh-dev.media-doc.ca\/fr\/blog\/entry\/centring-equity-in-emerging-public-health-responses-to-climate-change\" target=\"_self\">http:\/\/nccdh-dev.media-doc.ca\/fr\/blog\/entry\/centring-equity-in-emerging-public-health-responses-to-climate-change<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In this blog post, Knowledge Translation Specialist Pemma Muzumdar explores the connections between climate change and health 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