{"id":14147,"date":"2021-04-30T14:49:00","date_gmt":"2021-04-30T14:49:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nccdh-dev.media-doc.ca\/climate-change-resilience-part-1-2\/"},"modified":"2025-10-01T18:12:18","modified_gmt":"2025-10-01T18:12:18","slug":"climate-change-resilience-part-1-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nccdh-dev.media-doc.ca\/fr\/climate-change-resilience-part-1-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Climate change resilience part 1: COVID-19 underscores the need to address inequity and transform systems"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/nccdh-dev.media-doc.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Climate-change-resilience-part-1_EN.pdf\" target=\"_self\"><strong><em>Click here to download&nbsp;this practice brief<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p>This practice brief argues that our collective experience of the COVID-19 pandemic underscores the need for urgent and revised public health action to address climate change. The author shares equity-informed approaches for addressing climate change and building just, sustainable and resilient communities. Examples of concrete action are further explored in <em>Climate change resilience part 2: Public health roles and actions<\/em>. [<a href=\"#Reference 1\">1<\/a>]<\/p>\n<p>Please send any questions, comments and stories from the field to <a href=\"mailto:NCCDH@stfx.ca\">NCCDH@stfx.ca<\/a>. For other NCCDH resources on climate change and health equity, please visit the NCCDH <a href=\"https:\/\/nccdh-dev.media-doc.ca\/resources\/entry\/nccdh-resources-climate-change-and-health-equity\" target=\"_self\">resource library<\/a>.<br \/>\n&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Introduction<br \/>\n&nbsp;<\/h2>\n<table align=\"center\" border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"20\" cellspacing=\"1\" style=\"width:400px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:#b5dbf1\"><em>It would take an act of extreme cognitive&nbsp;dissonance to view the COVID-19 crisis as totally&nbsp;independent of the looming climate crisis, as well as the broader crisis&nbsp;of decades of economic globalization and ecological change,&nbsp;that surround it. <\/em>[<a href=\"#Reference 2\">2<\/a>(p1)]&nbsp; &nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Climate change is a health emergency that continues to widen existing health inequities. [<a href=\"#Reference 2\">2<\/a>,<a href=\"#Reference 3\">3<\/a>,<a href=\"#Reference 4\">4<\/a>,<a href=\"#Reference 5\">5<\/a>,<a href=\"#Reference 6\">6<\/a>,<a href=\"#Reference 7\">7<\/a>,<a href=\"#Reference 8\">8<\/a>,<a href=\"#Reference 9\">9<\/a>,<a href=\"#Reference 10\">10<\/a>]&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Scientists warn that without massive global intervention w&shy;ithin the next decade, the earth will continue to warm beyond 1.5 degrees Celsius. [<a href=\"#Reference 11\">11<\/a>] Passing this threshold will be disastrous for both human and planetary health. This is because impacts such as extreme heat, rising sea levels, species loss and disruptions to the global food supply are projected to be significantly worse at higher levels of warming. [<a href=\"#Reference 9\">9<\/a>,<a href=\"#Reference 11\">11<\/a>,<a href=\"#Reference 12\">12<\/a>]<\/p>\n<p>Yet, because public health actors are constantly reacting to the &ldquo;firehose&rdquo; of challenges that comprise their everyday work &mdash; including responding to the COVID-19 pandemic &mdash; they are not able to devote sufficient attention to a global crisis that is unfolding at a slower rate.<\/p>\n<p>This practice brief:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>recognizes climate change as a health emergency with significant health equity impacts;<\/li>\n<li>argues that our collective experience of the COVID-19 pandemic serves to galvanize multiple systems, including public health, to address climate change and social inequity with increased urgency and effort; and<\/li>\n<li>identifies resources and recommendations for addressing inequities, transforming systems and building climate resilience.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<table align=\"center\" border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"width:300px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><em>Related resources <\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/nccdh-dev.media-doc.ca\/blog\/entry\/climate-change-and-health-equity\" target=\"_self\">Climate change and health equity<\/a>\u00a0\u00bb (2020) [<a href=\"#Reference 13\">13<\/a>]<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/phabc.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Think-Piece-2020-FINAL.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Think globally, act locally: Public health and the Anthropocene<\/em> <em>think piece<\/em><\/a> from the 2020 Public Health Summer School (2020) [<a href=\"#Reference 14\">14<\/a>]<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wri.org\/blog\/2018\/10\/half-degree-and-world-apart-difference-climate-impacts-between-15-c-and-2-c-warming\" target=\"_blank\">World Resources Institute infographic<\/a> showing climate impacts at 1.5&deg;C and 2&deg;C average global temperature change (2020) [<a href=\"#Reference 12\">12<\/a>]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>COVID-19, like climate change, amplifies inequity<br \/>\n&nbsp;<\/h2>\n<table align=\"center\" border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"20\" cellspacing=\"1\" style=\"width:400px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:#b5dbf1\"><em>Climate change and the pandemic share many of the same threat attributes: they are&nbsp;global; vulnerable populations bear more of the burden of their impacts; they cause&nbsp;widespread economic disruption; they diminish public health; they are threat&nbsp;multipliers;&nbsp;and&nbsp;their mitigation requires sound science to inform decision making. Such similarities&nbsp;mean that we should think about them in a similar manner.<\/em>&nbsp;[<a href=\"#Reference 4\">4<\/a>(p9)]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and climate change are widely recognized to disproportionately affect those who already experience structural disadvantage such as racism, colonialism and unfair economic structures. [<a href=\"#Reference 2\">2<\/a>,<a href=\"#Reference 3\">3<\/a>,<a href=\"#Reference 4\">4<\/a>,<a href=\"#Reference 8\">8<\/a>,<a href=\"#Reference 15\">15<\/a>]<\/p>\n<p>Beyond the risk of contracting COVID-19 and experiencing severe symptoms or even death from the virus, Canadians are facing social isolation, job losses, workplace safety issues, disruptions to education and childcare systems, and much more. People from racialized and low-income communities are at increased risk because they are more likely to work in essential positions where it is not possible to maintain physical distance, and they are more likely to live in intergenerational households with older, vulnerable family members. [<a href=\"#Reference 15\">15<\/a>,<a href=\"#Reference 16\">16<\/a>] They are also more likely to live, work and play in areas with higher levels of air pollution [<a href=\"#Reference 3\">3<\/a>,<a href=\"#Reference 17\">17<\/a>] and, by extension, more likely to be affected by the association between long-term exposure to particulate matter (characteristic of air pollution) and COVID-19 mortality. [<a href=\"#Reference 4\">4<\/a>,<a href=\"#Reference 17\">17<\/a>,<a href=\"#Reference 18\">18<\/a>,<a href=\"#Reference 19\">19<\/a>,<a href=\"#Reference 20\">20<\/a>,<a href=\"#Reference 21\">21<\/a>] Finally, racialized and low-income communities are less likely to have access to green space, paid sick leave, childcare options during school closures, and a safe space to self-isolate after being exposed to the virus. [<a href=\"#Reference 15\">15<\/a>,<a href=\"#Reference 16\">16<\/a>]<\/p>\n<table align=\"center\" border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"1\" cellspacing=\"1\" style=\"width:300px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><em>Related resources <\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/policybase.cma.ca\/documents\/PolicyPDF\/PD21-01.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: Policy brief for Canada<\/em><\/a> (2020) [<a href=\"#Reference 3\">3<\/a>]<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1136\/jech-2020-213889\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Climate change glossary for public health practice: From vulnerability to climate justice<\/em><\/a> (2020) [<a href=\"#Reference 22\">22<\/a>]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The COVID-19 pandemic continues to take a severe toll on global and local health and economies. Yet it pales in comparison to the concurrent health, social and economic impacts projected in an increasingly warmer world. Already, Canadians are experiencing the physical and mental health impacts of climate change, including wildfires, floods, air pollution, extreme heat, allergies, tick-borne disease and, in the North, Arctic warming and changes to the availability of traditional foods. [<a href=\"#Reference 23\">23<\/a>] With further warming, more damage is projected amidst an even more complex set of circumstances; global populations will be forced to contend with multiple and concurrent crises, including:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>more frequent extreme weather;<\/li>\n<li>damage to personal and public infrastructure;<\/li>\n<li>displaced communities;<\/li>\n<li>compromised food and water systems; and<\/li>\n<li>the emergence and re-emergence of current and future infectious diseases. [<a href=\"#Reference 4\">4<\/a>,<a href=\"#Reference 8\">8<\/a>]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Like the COVID-19 pandemic, climate change is a threat multiplier, disproportionately affecting those who already experience structural disadvantage due to factors such as racism, colonialism and low-income. Northern Indigenous communities, already dealing with the ongoing health impacts of colonization and residential schools, have had to rapidly adapt to an environment that is warming three times faster than the rest of Canada. [<a href=\"#Reference 10\">10<\/a>,<a href=\"#Reference 23\">23<\/a>] Low-income communities have disproportionately felt the effects of extreme heat because they are less likely to have the resources to pay for air conditioning and more likely to live in densely populated urban heat islands without adequate tree cover. [<a href=\"#Reference 3\">3<\/a>,<a href=\"#Reference 24\">24<\/a>] What&rsquo;s more, low-income and racialized communities are more likely to be exposed to air pollution and resulting respiratory illness. [<a href=\"#Reference 3\">3<\/a>,<a href=\"#Reference 25\">25<\/a>]<\/p>\n<table align=\"center\" border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"1\" cellspacing=\"1\" style=\"width:300px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><em>Related resources <\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/nccdh-dev.media-doc.ca\/workshops-events\/entry\/webinar-the-health-equity-impacts-of-a-changing-climate-part-1-from-assessment-to-action\" target=\"_self\"><em>The health equity impacts of a changing climate part 1: From assessment to action<\/em><\/a> (2021 webinar recording) [<a href=\"#Reference 26\">26<\/a>]<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/nccdh-dev.media-doc.ca\/workshops-events\/entry\/webinar-the-health-equity-impacts-of-a-changing-climate-part-2-communicating-and-change-making\" target=\"_self\"><em>The health equity impacts of a changing climate part 2: Communicating and change-making<\/em><\/a> (2021 webinar recording) [<a href=\"#Reference 27\">27<\/a>]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Scale of COVID-19 pandemic response can be viewed as a source of hope for climate change preparedness<br \/>\n&nbsp;<\/h2>\n<table align=\"center\" border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"20\" cellspacing=\"1\" style=\"width:400px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:#b5dbf1\"><em>Readiness is not just a concept, it&rsquo;s a capacity, a state of preparedness. For climate change it involves both prevention&mdash;doing everything possible locally to reduce carbon emissions&mdash;and&nbsp;protection&mdash;taking actions that reduce local vulnerability to climate hazards. <\/em>[<a href=\"#Reference 28\">28<\/a>(p13)]&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>While both the COVID-19 pandemic and the climate crisis are health emergencies that affect multiple systems and disproportionately affect those who are most vulnerable, they have been met with quite different responses. Because of the speed with which it spreads, causes harm and disrupts health, food and economic systems, COVID-19 has been treated with a level of urgency that matches its gravity. [<a href=\"#Reference 28\">28<\/a>] Governments across the world have declared states of emergency, released special funds, announced and enforced lockdowns, convened advisory committees and invested in scientific investigation, collaboration and innovation as well as rapid vaccine development, approval, production and provision. In Canada, new policies (e.g., income assistance) and ways of operating (e.g., remote work, virtual meetings and conferences) have been rolled out with unprecedented speed, confirming that political will is an important driver of significant system change.<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/nccdh-dev.media-doc.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Practice-brief-1_body-image.webp\" style=\"float:right;height:200px;margin:20px 30px;width:300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>In contrast, governments have largely viewed the impending climate crisis as slow moving and not a significant threat. As a result, they have not responded with the speed and scale necessary to prevent catastrophic levels of warming, to adapt to the projected future and to address the inequities that drive climate-related vulnerability and risk.<\/p>\n<p>The massive scale of the COVID-19 pandemic response required collaboration across multiple sectors and systems. The spotlight it has shone on social inequality and health can be viewed as a source of hope. The fact that this level of response and change is possible has implications for whole-of-system action needed to address climate change and for increased investments in public health to contribute to this effort.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>COVID-19 experience highlights the importance of preparing for future shocks<br \/>\n&nbsp;<\/h2>\n<table align=\"center\" border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"20\" cellspacing=\"1\" style=\"width:400px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:#b5dbf1\"><em>The COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated the&nbsp;complexities of responding to a global public health&nbsp;crisis. It has shown the power of collaboration and the&nbsp;commitment of Canadians united to control the virus.&nbsp;It&nbsp;has also shown the interconnectedness of our health, social, and economic policies and supports. How these&nbsp;sectors work together, with the engagement of civil&nbsp;society and communities, will influence our success&nbsp;against COVID-19 resurgences and help to mitigate&nbsp;the&nbsp;impacts of future health emergencies.&nbsp;We are at a watershed moment. By working together,&nbsp;we can move from risk to resilience.<\/em>&nbsp;[<a href=\"#Reference 15\">15<\/a>(p62)]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>In her 2020 annual report, [<a href=\"#Reference 15\">15<\/a>] Chief Public Health Officer Dr. Theresa Tam proposes that taking a health equity approach to the COVID-19 pandemic will build resilience for future health emergencies. Dr. Tam names three broad, cross-cutting actions to address inequity and allow Canada to absorb and recover from the shocks of future public health emergencies: (1) leadership and governance for structural change, (2) harnessing social cohesion and (3) strengthening public health capacity across Canada. Dr. Tam also discusses new ways of living and working that will protect Canadians from future emergencies. These include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Action to address to the structural, social and ecological determinants of health. This includes reducing stigma and discrimination and working in key areas such as:\n<ul>\n<li>economic security and employment;<\/li>\n<li>housing and the built environment;<\/li>\n<li>health, education and social service systems; and<\/li>\n<li>environmental sustainability.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Building stronger infrastructure for:\n<ul>\n<li>collecting and using data;<\/li>\n<li>actively engaging with communities and across sectors for good governance; and<\/li>\n<li>communicating and coordinating at all levels.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Dr. Tam&rsquo;s recommendations resonate when considered in the context of building resilience to climate change, the &ldquo;greatest threat to global health in the 21st century.&rdquo; [<a href=\"#Reference 29\">29<\/a>]<\/p>\n<p>A climate-resilient society is one in which people, communities and systems can transform to a better, new normal where everyone can thrive. [<a href=\"#Reference 4\">4<\/a>,<a href=\"#Reference 22\">22<\/a>]<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Recommendations for transformation and resilience<\/h2>\n<p>In recovering from the COVID-19 pandemic and preparing for the health impacts of climate change, the public health community can draw from additional recommendations to address inequity, promote sustainability and build resilience at multiple levels. Select examples are listed below. &nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17269\/s41997-020-00388-1\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/nccdh-dev.media-doc.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Lewis-icon.webp\" style=\"border-style:solid;border-width:1px;float:left;height:159px;margin:5px 30px;width:120px\" \/><\/a>In <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17269\/s41997-020-00388-1\" target=\"_blank\"><em>A radical revision of the public health response to environmental crisis in a warming world: Contributions of Indigenous knowledges and Indigenous feminist perspectives<\/em><\/a>, [<a href=\"#Reference 6\">6<\/a>] the authors describe &ldquo;how public health policy and discourse fails Indigenous peoples living in the colonial nation states of Canada and Aotearoa New Zealand.&rdquo; [<a href=\"#Reference 6\">6<\/a>(p1)] They make the important connection between colonial systems and practices and the circumstances that brought about anthropogenic (human-caused) climate change. They identify how the impacts of climate change on Indigenous peoples are experienced as continued and intensified colonization. They note that one of the ways this takes place is through the exclusion of highly relevant Indigenous knowledges, including Indigenous female scholarship and leadership, from climate change research and action. They call for Indigenous knowledges, which are grounded in the interconnections between humans and nature, to be centred moving forward. Arguing to both minimize carbon emissions and decolonize public health, the authors identify the need for systems transformation in which dominant understandings of social determinants of health, ecological determinants of health and core competencies for public health are disrupted and revised.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/policybase.cma.ca\/documents\/PolicyPDF\/PD21-01.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/nccdh-dev.media-doc.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Lancet-icon.webp\" style=\"border-style:solid;border-width:1px;float:left;height:170px;margin:5px 30px;width:120px\" \/><\/a>The 2020 <a href=\"https:\/\/policybase.cma.ca\/documents\/PolicyPDF\/PD21-01.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: Policy brief for Canada<\/em><\/a>&nbsp;[<a href=\"#Reference 3\">3<\/a>] focuses on addressing extreme heat and air pollution, and ensuring a healthy, just and green recovery from COVID-19. The authors note that &ldquo;Canada must build resilience, equity and solidarity across groups, prioritising Indigenous peoples and other communities most at risk.&rdquo; [<a href=\"#Reference 3\">3<\/a>(p7)] They recommend that policy-makers:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>retrofit existing infrastructure and design communities to protect at-risk groups;<\/li>\n<li>mobilize land-based, Indigenous-led adaptation approaches;<\/li>\n<li>support sustainable housing;<\/li>\n<li>fund public and active transportation efforts, and target marginalized communities who will benefit the most;<\/li>\n<li>strengthen the resilience of the health system to climate change; and<\/li>\n<li>promote a healthy recovery from COVID-19 that includes:\n<ul>\n<li>transitioning to an equitable carbon-neutral society;<\/li>\n<li>applying a justice lens to all policies that address the climate and COVID-19 crisis; and<\/li>\n<li>collaborating with disproportionately affected and marginalized groups.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/open.bu.edu\/ds2\/stream\/?#\/documents\/399845\/page\/1\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/nccdh-dev.media-doc.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/climate-of-crisis-icon.webp\" style=\"border-style:solid;border-width:1px;float:left;height:155px;margin:5px 30px;width:120px\" \/><\/a>In <a href=\"https:\/\/open.bu.edu\/ds2\/stream\/?#\/documents\/399845\/page\/1\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Climate of crisis: How cities can use climate action to close the equity gap, drive economic recovery, and improve public health<\/em><\/a> (2020), [<a href=\"#Reference 4\">4<\/a>] the authors consider how cities can best react to the stress brought about by COVID-19, economic recession, social protests of racial violence, and the ongoing need to address climate change. They urge local actors to treat climate change with the same level of urgency as they have the pandemic, and recommend that decision-makers prioritize equity for resilient cities. In planning for resilience, the authors also recommend sharing power with marginalized communities through collaborative governance models and applying systems-thinking across traditionally siloed portfolios (e.g., parks, racial equity, housing, climate, emergency preparedness, health). The report identifies specific areas of focus, advising cities to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Close the digital divide for socially vulnerable populations.<\/li>\n<li>Ensure access to healthy, affordable food.<\/li>\n<li>Invest in urban development that supports walking, cycling, affordable housing, public transit and access to local employment and services.<\/li>\n<li>Transition to clean energy.<\/li>\n<li>Assess the multiple benefits of green spaces, promote greening initiatives and avoid ecological gentrification (i.e., when the wealthy move into newly greened communities and cause an increase in property values, often forcing previous neighbourhood residents to leave).<\/li>\n<li>Reduce plastic waste and communicate the health impacts of plastic waste.<\/li>\n<li>Address the health equity impacts of increased telework (working from home offices).<\/li>\n<li>Prioritize equity in COVID-19 pandemic recovery and in climate change action (e.g., racial equity in policy design and implementation; a living wage for all; reduced exposure of racialized communities to air pollution, extreme heat and hazardous waste facilities).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/pdfs\/UNCOVID19ResearchRoadmap.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/nccdh-dev.media-doc.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/UNCOVID-research-roadmap-icon.webp\" style=\"border-style:solid;border-width:1px;float:left;height:155px;margin:5px 30px;width:120px\" \/><\/a>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/pdfs\/UNCOVID19ResearchRoadmap.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>UN research roadmap for the COVID-19 recovery<\/em><\/a>&nbsp;[<a href=\"#Reference 30\">30<\/a>] recognizes the interdependence of people, systems and generations, and the need to prioritize equity, resilience and sustainability in COVID-19 pandemic recovery efforts. The research roadmap both analyzes and conveys what the world needs to know in order to build back better from COVID-19, including preparing for and adapting to climate change. A series of research questions is presented about how best to address root causes of health inequities, build social cohesion, protect interconnected systems from experiencing shocks during health emergencies, and invest in healthy communities. Taken together, the questions reflect \u00ab\u00a0the need for research to advance gender equity, engage marginalized populations, ensure decent work, prevent a digital divide, tackle &lsquo;One Health&rsquo; intersectoral challenges, and inform global governance reforms.&rdquo; [<a href=\"#Reference 30\">30<\/a>(p9)]<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17269\/s41997-019-00263-8\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/nccdh-dev.media-doc.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Parkes-icon.webp\" style=\"border-style:solid;border-width:1px;float:left;height:159px;margin:5px 30px;width:120px\" \/><\/a>In <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17269\/s41997-019-00263-8\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Preparing for the future of public health: Ecological determinants of health and the call for an eco-social approach to public health education<\/em><\/a>, [<a href=\"#Reference 31\">31<\/a>] the authors recommend that public health actors be trained to think and act differently to prepare for a world characterized by massive ecological changes, including climate change. They argue that public health practitioners should be taught to conceptualize health holistically and learn from the expertise of Indigenous communities, particularly regarding the interactions between the ecological, social and economic factors that influence health. The authors stress the importance of transformative change:<\/p>\n<p>Resilience in the face of mounting uncertainty and accelerating change involves more than the capacity to bounce back, instead valuing the capacity to embrace change and bounce forward into new ways of seeing and doing (what some call transformative resilience, or transilience), drawing on change processes that are deeply collaborative and emergent, rather than command and control. [<a href=\"#Reference 31\">31<\/a>(p63)]<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/nccdh-dev.media-doc.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/NCCDH-Measuring-what-counts-equity-indicators_EN.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/nccdh-dev.media-doc.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/NCCDH-Measuring-what-counts-equity-indicators_EN-icon.webp\" style=\"border-style:solid;border-width:1px;float:left;height:155px;margin:5px 30px;width:120px\" \/><\/a>In <a href=\"https:\/\/nccdh-dev.media-doc.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/NCCDH-Measuring-what-counts-equity-indicators_EN.pdf\" target=\"_self\"><em>Measuring what counts in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic: Equity indicators for public health<\/em><\/a>, [<a href=\"#Reference 32\">32<\/a>] the authors recommend that the resilience and emergency preparedness of the public health system be measured with a stronger equity focus. The authors deepen an existing framework &mdash; one that views each emergency as taking place within a complex adaptive system &mdash; with prompts, or questions, associated with 67 indicators. Each question guides health system actors to consider inequity and disadvantage at each step of emergency preparedness, response and recovery. Public health actors could ask themselves these same questions to gauge their preparedness for the multiple &mdash; and often converging &mdash; health emergencies associated with climate change, including wildfires, flooding, extreme heat events, infectious diseases, increased air pollution and more.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/shiftcollaborative.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/SHIFT-Framework-User-Guide-v04.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/nccdh-dev.media-doc.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/SHIFT-Framework-icon-scaled.webp\" style=\"border-style:solid;border-width:1px;float:left;height:155px;margin:5px 30px;width:120px\" \/><\/a>The <a href=\"https:\/\/shiftcollaborative.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/SHIFT-Framework-User-Guide-v04.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Framework for collaborative action on health and climate change<\/em><\/a>&nbsp;[<a href=\"#Reference 33\">33<\/a>] is driven by a vision of minimizing greenhouse gas emissions, adapting to change, building community resilience and collaboratively transforming social and economic systems for enhanced equity. The framework&rsquo;s guiding principles include &mdash; but are not limited to &mdash; Indigenous rights and reconciliation, systems-thinking and maximizing actions that have simultaneous benefits in multiple domains (e.g., making cities more walkable). The guide details eight key action areas and names specific ways to bring each of these action areas to life. For example, to promote inclusion, health equity and climate justice, the authors ask, &ldquo;How can we respond to climate change in ways that transform economic and social systems to increase equity, fairness and quality of life for all?&rdquo; [<a href=\"#Reference 33\">33<\/a>(p18)] Collaborative actions are identified, such as conducting an equity-focused climate change and health vulnerability assessment and applying an equity lens to climate change policies.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/greenlining.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Making-Equity-Real-in-Climate-Adaption-and-Community-Resilience-Policies-and-Programs-A-Guidebook-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"><em><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/nccdh-dev.media-doc.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Making-equity-real-icon.webp\" style=\"border-style:solid;border-width:1px;float:left;height:155px;margin:5px 30px;width:120px\" \/>Making equity real in climate adaptation and community resilience policies and programs: A guidebook<\/em><\/a>&nbsp;[<a href=\"#Reference 34\">34<\/a>] identifies concrete opportunities to operationalize social equity in climate change policies and programs, including several useful case examples. The authors guide users to consider the unjust systems that can drive climate-related vulnerability and to engage in four steps to operationalize equity in climate preparedness activities:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>embed equity in the mission, vision and values or policies and programs;<\/li>\n<li>deeply engage community members and build equity into each stage of development and implementation;<\/li>\n<li>ensure that the implementation of the policy or program improves equity; and<\/li>\n<li>regularly conduct equity-focused evaluation to inform ongoing efforts.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>One of the guidebook&rsquo;s authors, Sona Mohnot, gave a presentation on the resource in the NCCDH&rsquo;s first webinar on the health equity impacts of a changing climate [<a href=\"#Reference 26\">26<\/a>] (see <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=xVDdJRsWzxQ\" target=\"_blank\">recording here<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Conclusion<\/h2>\n<p>Addressing the inequitable health impacts of climate change is, without doubt, a tremendous challenge for the public health community. This challenge is amplified during a time when the public health system&rsquo;s limited resources are being stretched by the COVID-19 pandemic response.<\/p>\n<p>However, as Canadians anticipate the mass distribution of vaccines and the easing of various restrictions, public health actors have an unprecedented opportunity to align with and engage in the growing movement for a green and just COVID-19 pandemic recovery. [<a href=\"#Reference 35\">35<\/a>,<a href=\"#Reference 36\">36<\/a>,<a href=\"#Reference 37\">37<\/a>,<a href=\"#Reference 38\">38<\/a>,<a href=\"#Reference 39\">39<\/a>,<a href=\"#Reference 40\">40<\/a>,<a href=\"#Reference 41\">41<\/a>,<a href=\"#Reference 42\">42<\/a>] Such a recovery could secure needed investments to address inequity and build a more sustainable future &mdash; one where everyone could thrive.<\/p>\n<p>Specific ways for public health actors to contribute to equitable and sustainable climate-resilient communities are detailed in <em>Climate change resilience part 2: Public health roles and actions<\/em>.1 This second practice brief outlines opportunities for Canadian public health actors to build on existing work, integrate the recommendations summarized above and accelerate a collaborative, equity-focused response to the climate crisis.<\/p>\n<table align=\"center\" border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"1\" cellspacing=\"1\" style=\"width:300px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><em>Related resources for a green and just COVID-19 pandemic recovery:<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.feministrecovery.ca\/s\/Feminist-Economy-Recovery-Plan-for-Canada.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>A feminist economic recovery plan for Canada: making the economy work for everyone<\/em><\/a>&nbsp;[<a href=\"#Reference 36\">36<\/a>]<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.policyalternatives.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/uploads\/publications\/National%20Office\/2020\/07\/AFB%202020%20recovery%20plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Alternative federal budget recovery plan<\/em><\/a>&nbsp;[<a href=\"#Reference 37\">37<\/a>]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>From the Canadian Public Health Association<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cpha.ca\/active-travel-background-document\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Active travel background document<\/em><\/a> (2021) [<a href=\"#Reference 39\">39<\/a>]<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cpha.ca\/public-transit-background-document\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Public transit background document<\/em><\/a> (2021) [<a href=\"#Reference 40\">40<\/a>]<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cpha.ca\/zero-emission-vehicles-background-document\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Zero-emission vehicles background document<\/em><\/a> (2021) [<a href=\"#Reference 41\">41<\/a>]<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cpha.ca\/building-retrofits-background-document\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Building retrofits background document<\/em><\/a> (2021) [<a href=\"#Reference 42\">42<\/a>]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>References<\/h2>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 1\" name=\"Reference 1\">1<\/a>.] National Collaborating Centre for Determinants of Health. Climate change resilience part 2: Public health roles and actions [Blog post]. Forthcoming.<\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 2\" name=\"Reference 2\">2<\/a>.] Potvin L, Masuda J. Climate change: a top priority for public health. Can J Public Health. 2020 Dec;111(6):815&ndash;7. doi: 10.17269\/s41997-020-00447-7.<\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 3\" name=\"Reference 3\">3<\/a>.] P-Desrosiers C, Hackett F, McGregor D, Banasiak K. The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: policy brief for Canada [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Canadian Medical Association; 2020 Dec [cited 2021 Mar 18]. 8 p. Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/policybase.cma.ca\/documents\/PolicyPDF\/PD21-01.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/policybase.cma.ca\/documents\/PolicyPDF\/PD21-01.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 4\" name=\"Reference 4\">4<\/a>.] Cleveland CJ, Ashmore J, Barnhart A, Dudley T, Lillie M, Zhang A, et al. Climate of crisis: how cities can use climate action to close the equity gap, drive economic recovery, and improve public health [Internet]. Boston (MA): Boston University Institute for Sustainable Energy; 2020 Sep [cited 2021 Mar 18]. 102 p. Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/open.bu.edu\/ds2\/stream\/?#\/documents\/399845\/page\/1\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/open.bu.edu\/ds2\/stream\/?#\/documents\/399845\/page\/1<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 5\" name=\"Reference 5\">5<\/a>.] Krieger N. Enough: COVID-19, structural racism, police brutality, plutocracy, climate change&mdash;and time for health justice, democratic governance, and an equitable, sustainable future. Am J Public Health. 2020 Nov;110(11):1620&ndash;3. doi: 10.2105\/AJPH.2020.305886.<\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 6\" name=\"Reference 6\">6<\/a>.] Lewis D, Williams L, Jones R. A radical revision of the public health response to environmental crisis in a warming world: contributions of Indigenous knowledges and Indigenous feminist perspectives. Can J Public Health. 2020 Dec;111(6):897&ndash;900. doi: 10.17269\/s41997-020-00388-1.<\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 7\" name=\"Reference 7\">7<\/a>.] Masuda J, Lewis D, Poland B, Sanchez-Pimienta CE. Stop ringing the alarm; it is time to get out of the building! Can J Public Health. 2020 Dec;111(6):831&ndash;5. doi: 10.17269\/s41997-020-00437-9.<\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 8\" name=\"Reference 8\">8<\/a>.] The Lancet. Climate and COVID-19: converging crises. Lancet. 2021 Jan 9;397(10269):71. doi: 10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32579-4.<\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 9\" name=\"Reference 9\">9<\/a>.] Canadian Public Health Association. Climate change and human health: position statement<br \/>\n[Internet]. Ottawa (ON): CPHA; 2019 Oct [cited 2021 Mar 18]. 11 p. Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cpha.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/uploads\/policy\/positionstatements\/climatechange-positionstatement-e.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cpha.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/uploads\/policy\/positionstatements\/climatechange-positionstatement-e.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 10\" name=\"Reference 10\">10<\/a>.] Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami. National Inuit climate change strategy [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): ITK; 2019 [cited March 18, 2021]. 44 p. Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.itk.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/ITK_Climate-Change-Strategy_English.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.itk.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/ITK_Climate-Change-Strategy_English.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 11\" name=\"Reference 11\">11<\/a>.] Allen MR, Babiker M, Chen Y, de Coninck H, Connors S, van Diemen R, et al., editors. Global warming of 1.5&deg;C: summary for policymakers [Internet]. Geneva (Switzerland): Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; 2018 [rev. 2019 Jan; cited 2021 Mar 18]. 26 p. Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/site\/assets\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2019\/05\/SR15_SPM_version_stand_alone_HR.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/site\/assets\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2019\/05\/SR15_SPM_version_stand_alone_HR.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 12\" name=\"Reference 12\">12<\/a>.] Levin K. Half a degree and a world apart: the difference in climate impacts between 1.5&#730;C and 2&#730;C of warming. 2018 Oct 7 [cited 2021 Mar 18]. In: World Resources Institute. Insights: WRI&#039;s Blog [Internet]. Washington (DC): WRI; [2005 Mar 28] &#8211;&nbsp;&nbsp; . [about 10 screens]. Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wri.org\/blog\/2018\/10\/half-degree-and-world-apart-difference-climate-impacts-between-15-c-and-2-c-warming\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.wri.org\/blog\/2018\/10\/half-degree-and-world-apart-difference-climate-impacts-between-15-c-and-2-c-warming<\/a> &nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 13\" name=\"Reference 13\">13<\/a>.] Muzumdar P. Climate change and health equity [blog post on the Internet]. Antigonish (NS): National Collaborating Centre for Determinants of Health, St. Francis Xavier University; 2020 Feb 26 [cited 2021 Mar 18]. [about 15 screens]. Available from: <a href=\"http:\/\/nccdh-dev.media-doc.ca\/blog\/entry\/climate-change-and-health-equity\" target=\"_self\">http:\/\/nccdh-dev.media-doc.ca\/blog\/entry\/climate-change-and-health-equity<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 14\" name=\"Reference 14\">14<\/a>.] Public Health Association of BC. Think globally, act locally: public health and the Anthropocene think piece [Internet]. Victoria (BC): PHABC; 2020 [cited 2021 Mar 18]. 4 p. Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/phabc.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Think-Piece-2020-FINAL.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/phabc.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Think-Piece-2020-FINAL.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 15\" name=\"Reference 15\">15<\/a>.] Public Health Agency of Canada. From risk to resilience: an equity approach to COVID-19 [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): PHAC; 2020 Oct [cited 2021 Mar 18]. 83 p. (Chief Public Health Officer of Canada&#039;s report on the state of public health in Canada; 2020). Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/content\/dam\/phac-aspc\/documents\/corporate\/publications\/chief-public-health-officer-reports-state-public-health-canada\/from-risk-resilience-equity-approach-covid-19\/cpho-covid-report-eng.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/content\/dam\/phac-aspc\/documents\/corporate\/publications\/chief-public-health-officer-reports-state-public-health-canada\/from-risk-resilience-equity-approach-covid-19\/cpho-covid-report-eng.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 16\" name=\"Reference 16\">16<\/a>.] Ndumbe-Eyoh S, Muzumdar P, Betker C, Oickle D. &lsquo;Back to better&rsquo;: amplifying health equity, and determinants of health perspectives during the COVID-19 pandemic. Glob Health Promot. 2021:10 p. doi: 10.1177\/17579759211000975<\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 17\" name=\"Reference 17\">17<\/a>.] Dey T, Dominici F. COVID-19, air pollution, and racial inequity: connecting the dots. Chem Res Toxicol. 2021 Mar 15;34(3):669&ndash;71. doi: 10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.0c00432.<\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 18\" name=\"Reference 18\">18<\/a>.] Frontera A, Cianfanelli L, Vlachos K, Landoni G, Cremona G. Severe air pollution links to higher mortality in COVID-19 patients: the &ldquo;double-hit&rdquo; hypothesis. J Infect. 2020 Aug;81(2):255&ndash;9. doi: 10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.05.031.<\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 19\" name=\"Reference 19\">19<\/a>.] Sharma AK, Balyan P. Air pollution and COVID-19: is the connect worth its weight? Indian J Public Health. 2020 Jun;64(6 Suppl):S132&ndash;4. doi: 10.4103\/ijph.IJPH_466_20.<\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 20\" name=\"Reference 20\">20<\/a>.] Wu X, Nethery RC, Sabath MB, Braun D, Dominici F. Air pollution and COVID-19 mortality in the United States: strengths and limitations of an ecological regression analysis. Sci Adv. 2020 Nov 4;6(45):eabd4049 [6 p.]. doi: 10.1126\/sciadv.abd4049.<\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 21\" name=\"Reference 21\">21<\/a>.] Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Center for Climate, Health, and the Global Environment. Coronavirus and climate change [Internet]. Boston (MA): Harvard Chan C-CHANGE; [cited 2021 Mar 18]. [about 16 screens]. Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hsph.harvard.edu\/c-change\/subtopics\/coronavirus-and-climate-change\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.hsph.harvard.edu\/c-change\/subtopics\/coronavirus-and-climate-change\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 22\" name=\"Reference 22\">22<\/a>.] Buse CG, Patrick R. Climate change glossary for public health practice: from vulnerability to climate justice. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2020 Oct;74(10):867&ndash;71. doi: 10.1136\/jech-2020-213889.<\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 23\" name=\"Reference 23\">23<\/a>.] Howard C, Buse C, Rose C, MacNeill A, Parkes M. The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: policy brief for Canada [Internet]. 2019 Nov [cited 2021 Mar 18]. 8 p. Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/lancet-countdown\/2019\/11\/Lancet-Countdown_Policy-brief-for-Canada_FINAL.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/lancet-countdown\/2019\/11\/Lancet-Countdown_Policy-brief-for-Canada_FINAL.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 24\" name=\"Reference 24\">24<\/a>.] Sant&eacute; Montr&eacute;al. Extreme heat: 66 deaths in Montr&eacute;al in 2018 [Internet]. Montr&eacute;al (QC): Sant&eacute; Montr&eacute;al; 2019 May 15 [cited 2021 Mar 18]. [about 4 screens]. Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/santemontreal.qc.ca\/en\/public\/news\/news\/extreme-heat-66-deaths-in-montreal-in-2018\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/santemontreal.qc.ca\/en\/public\/news\/news\/extreme-heat-66-deaths-in-montreal-in-2018\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 25\" name=\"Reference 25\">25<\/a>.] Giang A, Castellani K. Cumulative air pollution indicators highlight unique patterns of injustice in urban Canada. Environ Res Lett. 2020 Dec 15;15(12):Article 124063 [10 p.]. doi: 10.1088\/1748-9326\/abcac5.<\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 26\" name=\"Reference 26\">26<\/a>.] National Collaborating Centre for Determinants of Health. The health equity impacts of a changing climate part 1: from assessment to action . Antigonish (NS): NCCDH, St. Francis Xavier University; 2021 Jan 21 [cited 2021 Mar 18]. 4 videos: 88 min. Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/nccdh-dev.media-doc.ca\/workshops-events\/entry\/webinar-the-health-equity-impacts-of-a-changing-climate-part-1-from-assessment-to-action\" target=\"_self\">https:\/\/nccdh-dev.media-doc.ca\/workshops-events\/entry\/webinar-the-health-equity-impacts-of-a-changing-climate-part-1-from-assessment-to-action<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 27\" name=\"Reference 27\">27<\/a>.] National Collaborating Centre for Determinants of Health. The health equity impacts of a changing climate part 2: communicating and change-making . Antigonish (NS): NCCDH, St. Francis Xavier University; 2021 Jan 29 [cited 2021 Mar 18]. 4 videos: 85 min. Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/nccdh-dev.media-doc.ca\/workshops-events\/entry\/webinar-the-health-equity-impacts-of-a-changing-climate-part-2-communicating-and-change-making\" target=\"_self\">https:\/\/nccdh-dev.media-doc.ca\/workshops-events\/entry\/webinar-the-health-equity-impacts-of-a-changing-climate-part-2-communicating-and-change-making<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 28\" name=\"Reference 28\">28<\/a>.] Plastrik P, Cleveland J, Coffee J, Ashmore J, Barnhart A, Cleveland CJ, et al. More urgency, not less: the COVID-19 pandemic&#039;s lessons for local climate leadership [Internet]. Boston (MA): Boston University Institute for Sustainable Energy; 2020 Jun [cited 2021 Mar 18]. 17 p. Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/ise\/files\/2020\/09\/covid19-pandemics-lessons-for-local-climate-leadership-june2020-updated.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/ise\/files\/2020\/09\/covid19-pandemics-lessons-for-local-climate-leadership-june2020-updated.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 29\" name=\"Reference 29\">29<\/a>.] World Health Organization. WHO calls for urgent action to protect health from climate change &ndash; sign the call [Internet]. Geneva (Switzerland): WHO; [cited 2021 Mar 18]. [about 3 screens]. Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/globalchange\/global-campaign\/cop21\/en\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.who.int\/globalchange\/global-campaign\/cop21\/en\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 30\" name=\"Reference 30\">30<\/a>.] United Nations. UN research roadmap for the COVID-19 recovery: leveraging the power of science for a more equitable, resilient and sustainable future [Internet]. New York (NY): UN; 2020 Nov [cited 2021 Mar 18]. 123 p. Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/pdfs\/UNCOVID19ResearchRoadmap.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/pdfs\/UNCOVID19ResearchRoadmap.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 31\" name=\"Reference 31\">31<\/a>.] Parkes MW, Poland B, Allison S, Cole DC, Culbert I, Gislason MK, et al. Preparing for the future of public health: ecological determinants of health and the call for an eco-social approach to public health education. Can J Public Health. 2020 Feb;111(1):60&ndash;4. doi: 10.17269\/s41997-019-00263-8.<\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 32\" name=\"Reference 32\">32<\/a>.] National Collaborating Centre for Infectious Diseases; National Collaborating Centre for Determinants of Health. Measuring what counts in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic: equity indicators for public health [Internet]. Antigonish (NS): NCCDH, St. Francis Xavier University; 2020 Sep [cited 2021 Mar 18]. 29 p. Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/nccdh-dev.media-doc.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/NCCDH-Measuring-what-counts-equity-indicators_EN.pdf\" target=\"_self\">https:\/\/nccdh-dev.media-doc.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/NCCDH-Measuring-what-counts-equity-indicators_EN.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 33\" name=\"Reference 33\">33<\/a>.] SHIFT Collaborative. Framework for collaborative action on health &amp; climate change: user guide [Internet]. Surrey (BC): SHIFT Collaborative; 2019 Mar [cited 2021 Mar 18]. 35 p. Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/shiftcollaborative.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/SHIFT-Framework-User-Guide-v04.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/shiftcollaborative.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/SHIFT-Framework-User-Guide-v04.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 34\" name=\"Reference 34\">34<\/a>.] Mohnot S, Bishop J, Sanchez A. Making equity real in climate adaptation and community resilience policies and programs: a guidebook [Internet]. Oakland (CA): Greenlining Institute; 2019 Aug [cited 2021 Mar 18]. 104 p. Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/greenlining.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Making-Equity-Real-in-Climate-Adaption-and-Community-Resilience-Policies-and-Programs-A-Guidebook-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/greenlining.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Making-Equity-Real-in-Climate-Adaption-and-Community-Resilience-Policies-and-Programs-A-Guidebook-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 35\" name=\"Reference 35\">35<\/a>.] CHASE. Media release: public health organizations calling for a green, healthy and just recovery [Internet]. Toronto (ON): CHASE; 2020 Aug 6 [cited 2021 Mar 18]. [about 4 screens]. Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/chasecanada.org\/2020\/08\/06\/media-release-public-health-organizations-calling-for-a-green-healthy-and-just-recovery\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/chasecanada.org\/2020\/08\/06\/media-release-public-health-organizations-calling-for-a-green-healthy-and-just-recovery\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 36\" name=\"Reference 36\">36<\/a>.] Sultana A, Ravanera C. A feminist economic recovery plan for Canada: making the economy work for everyone [Internet]. Toronto (ON): YWCA Canada; 2020 Jul 28 [cited 2021 Mar 18]. 34 p. Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.feministrecovery.ca\/s\/Feminist-Economy-Recovery-Plan-for-Canada.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.feministrecovery.ca\/s\/Feminist-Economy-Recovery-Plan-for-Canada.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 37\" name=\"Reference 37\">37<\/a>.] Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives. Alternative federal budget recovery plan [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): CCPA; 2020 Jul [cited 2021 Mar 18]. 162 p. Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.policyalternatives.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/uploads\/publications\/National%20Office\/2020\/07\/AFB%202020%20recovery%20plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.policyalternatives.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/uploads\/publications\/National%20Office\/2020\/07\/AFB%202020%20recovery%20plan.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 38\" name=\"Reference 38\">38<\/a>.] C40 Cities, Global Mayors COVID-19 Recovery Task Force. C40 mayors&rsquo; agenda for a green and just recovery [Internet]. New York (NY): C40 Cities; 2020 Jul [cited 2021 Mar 18]. 42 p. Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/c40-production-images.s3.amazonaws.com\/other_uploads\/images\/2093_C40_Cities_%282020%29_Mayors_Agenda_for_a_Green_and_Just_Recovery.original.pdf?1594824518\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/c40-production-images.s3.amazonaws.com\/other_uploads\/images\/2093_C40_Cities_%282020%29_Mayors_Agenda_for_a_Green_and_Just_Recovery.original.pdf?1594824518<\/a> &nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 39\" name=\"Reference 39\">39<\/a>.] Perrotta K. Active travel backgrounder [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Canadian Public Health Association; 2021 Feb [cited 2021 Mar 31]. 6 p. Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cpha.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/uploads\/resources\/climateaction\/hgjr-active-travel-backgrounder-e.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cpha.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/uploads\/resources\/climateaction\/hgjr-active-travel-backgrounder-e.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 40\" name=\"Reference 40\">40<\/a>.] Perrotta K. Public transit backgrounder [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Canadian Public Health Association; 2021 Feb [cited 2021 Mar 31]. 6 p. Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cpha.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/uploads\/resources\/climateaction\/hgjr-public-transit-backgrounder-e.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cpha.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/uploads\/resources\/climateaction\/hgjr-public-transit-backgrounder-e.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 41\" name=\"Reference 41\">41<\/a>.] Perrotta K. Zero-emission vehicles backgrounder [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Canadian Public Health Association; 2021 Mar [cited 2021 Mar 31]. 6 p. Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cpha.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/uploads\/resources\/climateaction\/hgjr-zev-backgrounder-e.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cpha.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/uploads\/resources\/climateaction\/hgjr-zev-backgrounder-e.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[<a id=\"Reference 42\" name=\"Reference 42\">42<\/a>.] Perrotta K. Building retrofits backgrounder [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Canadian Public Health Association; 2021 Mar [cited 2021 Mar 31]. 6 p. Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cpha.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/uploads\/resources\/climateaction\/hgjr-retrofit-backgrounder-e.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cpha.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/uploads\/resources\/climateaction\/hgjr-retrofit-backgrounder-e.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This practice brief argues that our collective experience of the COVID-19 pandemic underscores the need for urgent and revised public health action to address climate 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